Donald Trump’s highest tariff will kill tiny African kingdom of Lesotho, economist says

A 50% reciprocal trade tariff on Lesotho, the highest levy on U.S. President Donald Trump’s long list of target economies, will kill the tiny Southern African kingdom that Mr. Donald Trump had described in March, 2025 as a country “nobody has ever heard of”, is one of the world’s poorest nations with a GDP (gross domestic product) of just over $2 billion. It has a large trade surplus with the United States, mostly made up of diamonds and textiles, including Levi’s jeans. Its exports to the United States, during 2024 had crossed $237 million, account for more than 10% of its GDP.

The US President on Wednesday has imposed sweeping new tariffs on global trading partners, suspending decades of rules-based trade and threatening cost increases for consumers. He said the “reciprocal” tariffs were a response to duties and other non-tariff barriers put on U.S. goods. Lesotho charges 99% tariffs on American goods, according to the U.S. administration.

In Africa, the move has signalled the end of the AGOA (African Growth and Opportunity Act) trade deal that was supposed to help African economies develop through preferential access to U.S. markets, trade experts said. Several African countries were hit by some of the highest tariffs announced by the White House on Wednesday, including levies of up to 50% on goods from Lesotho, 47% for Madagascar, 40% for Mauritius, 38% for Botswana and 31% for South Africa, the continent’s biggest exporter to the U.S.

AGOA, which grants qualifying African nations duty-free access to the U.S. market, is due to expire in September And the raft of tariffs suggests a renewal of the trade accord – a cornerstone of U.S. policy towards Africa since the 1990s – is now unlikely. “The reciprocal trade announcement policy will pull the AGOA rug from under our feet“, said economist Adrian Saville, a professor at South Africa’s Gordon Institute of Business Science.

It also compounded the pain after Trump dismantled USAID, the government agency that was a major supplier of aid to the continent. “The 50% reciprocal tariff introduced by the U.S. government is going to kill the textile and apparel sector in Lesotho” said Thabo Qhesi, a Maseru-based independent economic analyst, told Press.

Oxford Economics said the textile sector, with some 40,000 workers, was Lesotho’s biggest private employer and accounted for roughly 90% of manufacturing employment and exports.

“Then you are having retailers who are selling food. And then you have residential property owners who are renting houses for the workers. So, this means if the closure of factories were to happen, the industry is going to die and there will be multiplier effects. So Lesotho will be dead, so to say“.

The government of Lesotho, a mountainous nation of about 2 million people that is encircled by South Africa, had no immediate comment on the trade tariffs on Thursday. Its foreign minister told the Press that the country, which has one of the highest HIV/AIDS infection rates in the world, was already feeling the impact of the aid cuts as its health sector had been reliant on them. The formula used to calculate the U.S. tariffs took the U.S. trade deficit in goods with each country as a proxy for alleged unfair practices, then divided it by the amount of goods imported into the United States from that country. The resulting tariff equals half the ratio between the two, meaning countries import only small quantities of U.S. goods, such as Lesotho and Madagascar, have been hit with more punitive tariffs than much richer countries. That is also the case for Vietnam, Nicaragua and Cambodia, for which exports to the United States account for more than 25% of GDP, according to Oxford Economics.

One corn vendor in Maseru, Sekhoane Masokela, saw Trump’s announcement as a reason to seek out new markets. “The US is not the only country, so he is giving us an opportunity to cut ties with him and look for other countries. It is evident that he no longer wants anything to do with us“, Masokela said.

Team Maverick